Dependent and Independent Clauses with Examples

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Independent Clause

An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.

Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.

Independent clauses have three components:

1. They have a subject - they tell the reader what the sentence is about.
2. They have an action or predicate - they tell the reader what the subject is doing.
3. They express a complete thought - something happened or was said.

An independent clause can be as simple as a subject and a verb:

• Jim reads.

Jim is the subject. Reads is the action or verb. A complete thought was expressed - something was said, and the reader now knows that Jim likes to read.

Independent clauses can also be joined to other independent clauses, if the independent clauses are related. However, they MUST be joined using the proper punctuation.

• Jim read a book; he really enjoyed the book.

The first clause is an independent clause. Jim is the subject, read is the action, book is the object.

The second clause is an independent clause. He is the subject, enjoyed is the action and the book is the object.

The independent clauses are related, so they can be joined to create a complex sentence. They are correctly joined by a semicolon. 

• Jim read a book, he really enjoyed the book.

Again, we have two independent clauses, but the independent clauses are not joined properly. When two independent clauses are joined only be a comma, it is a grammatical error called a comma splice.

Independent clauses can be quite complex, but the important thing to remember is that they stand on their own and make sense alone.

Dependent Clause

A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.

When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)

A dependent clause is a clause that does not express a complete thought.

A clause can be dependent because of the presence of a:

• Marker Word (Before, after, because, since, in order to, although, though, whenever, wherever, whether, while, even though, even if)
• Conjunction (And, or, nor, but, yet)

Dependent clauses MUST be joined to another clause, in order to avoid creating a sentence fragment.

• Because I forgot my homework.

This is a sentence fragment. We have a "because" but not a "why" or anything accompanying and following what happened "because" they forgot.

• Because I forgot my homework, I got sent home.

Here, the error is corrected. "I got sent home" is an independent clause. "I" is the subject, "got" is the verb, "sent home" is the object. A complete thought is expressed.

Dependent clauses can become more complex if we add subjects, objects, and modifying phrases:

• Jim, who likes books, read a book.

Jim is the subject.

"Who likes to read" is a dependent clause that modifies Jim. It contains "likes" which is a verb.

Read is a verb.

A book is the object.

Like independent clauses, a dependent clause can also be complex. The important thing to remember is that the dependent clause does not stand on its own as a complete thought.

Read more at http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/grammar-rules-and-tips/independent-and-dependent-clauses.html#HQK9v5TDQh0MrMhk.99

Active and Passive Voice: Tense-wise Rules

Simple Present tense

An Active sentence in the simple present tense has the following structure:
Subject + first form of the verb + object

A passive sentence in the simple present tense has the following structure:
Object of the active sentence + is/am/are + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence

Changing an assertive sentence into the passive

Active: I write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by me.
Active: I help you.
Passive: You are helped by me.
Active: I love my parents.
Passive: My parents are loved by me.
Active: We love our country.
Passive: Our country is loved by us.

Changing a negative sentence into the passive

Active: I do not write a letter.
Passive: A letter is not written by me.
Active: I do not abuse my servants.
Passive: My servants are not abused by me.
Active: I do not write novels.
Passive: Novels are not written by me.
Active: He does not tease her.
Passive: She is not teased by him.

Changing an interrogative sentence into the passive

Structure: Is/are/am + object of the active verb + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the passive verb

Active: Do you write a letter?
Passive: Is a letter written by you?
Active: Do you write stories?
Passive: Are stories written by you?
Active: Does she make candles?
Passive: Are candles made by her?
Active: Who does not obey you?
Passive: By whom are you not obeyed?
Active: Which newspaper do you read?
Passive: Which newspaper is read by you?
Active: Does she do her duty?
Passive: Is her duty done by her?

Notes:

The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Therefore, sentences which do not have an object cannot be changed into the passive. The following sentences, for instance, cannot be changed into the passive because they do not have objects.

The old man sat in a corner.
The child sleeps.
The wind blows.
The dog barks.
The fire burns.
He laughed aloud.

Read more at http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/active-passive-voice-tensewise-rules/#bQFMXQy1zsoTlib0.99

PASSIVE VOICE FOR ALL TENSES RULES

• The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.
• 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.
• Auxiliary verbs for each tense are given below in the table.

Present Simple Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am/is/are
Active voice: He sings a song. He does not sing a song.Does he sing asong?	Passive voice: A song is sung by him. A song is not sung by him. Is a song sung by him?

Present Continuous Tense (passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am being/is being/are being
Active voice: I am writing a letter I am not writing a letter. Am I writing a letter?	Passive voice: A letter is being written by me. A letter is not being written by me. Is a letter being written by me?

Present Perfect Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: has been/have been
Active voice: She has finished his work She has not finished her work. Has she finished her work?	Passive voice: Her work has been finished by her. Her work has not been finished by her. Has her work been finished by her?

Past Simple Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was/were
Active voice: I killed a snake I did not kill a snake. Did I kill a snake?	Passive voice: A snake was killed by me. A snake was not killed by me. Was a snake killed by me?

Past Continuous Tense (Passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was being/were being
Active voice: He was driving a car. He was not driving a car. Was he driving a car?	Passive voice: A car was being driven by him. A car was not being driven by him. Was a car being driven by him?

Past Perfect Tense (Passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: had been
Active voice: They had completed the assignment. They had not completed the assignment. Had they completed the assignment?	Passive voice: The assignment had been completed by them. The assignment had not been complete by them. Had the assignment been completed by them?

Future Simple Tense (Passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will be
Active voice: She will buy a car. She will not buy a car. Will she buy a car?	Passive voice: A car will be bought by her. A car will not be bought by her. Will a car be bought by her?

Future Perfect Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will have been
Active voice: You will have started the job. You will have not started the job. Will you have started the job?	Passive voice: The job will have been started by you. The job will not have been started by you. Will the job have been started by you?

Note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice.

1. Present perfect continuous tense
2. Past perfect continuous tense
3. Future continuous tense
4. Future perfect continuous tense
5. Sentence having Intransitive verbs

Fundamental Rules

• The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.
• 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.
• Auxiliary verbs for each tense are given below in the table.

Infinitive Verb Explanation

Question From : Indar Vishnoi

mama , what is infinite verb

Answer From Open School

Infinitive Verb

Do you know the difference between an infinitive verb and a base verb? Or, do you know when and how do you use infinitive verbs? These questions, and their answers are the key to understanding the uses of an infinitive verb.

Defining an Infinitive Verb

Basically, an infinitive verb is a verb with the word “to” in front of it.

·         to be

·         to have

·         to hold

·         to sleep

·         to dream

When you use an infinitive verb, the “to” is a part of the verb. It is not acting as a preposition in this case. And the verb is always just the verb. It’s not conjugated in anyway – no -ed, no -ing, no -s on the end. Sometimes you’ll see sentences like this:

·         She went from kissing him to slapping him in no time.

You see “to slapping,” and it’s easy to think that’s an infinitive verb, but it isn’t. It’s a preposition (to) and a gerund (slapping). You can tell it’s not an infinitive because of the -ing on the end of the verb. Infinitives never have an -ing ending.

Infinitive Verb vs. Base Verb

A lot of people think that the infinitive is the most basic form of a verb, but it isn’t. The most basic form is the base form. The base form is just the verb, without the “to.” Some people also call this a bare infinitive.

·         be

·         have

·         hold

·         sleep

·         dream

Using an Infinitive Verb

There are several possible ways to use infinitive verbs. You can use them:

1.      as the subject of a sentence – To err is human; to forgive, divine.

2.      like an adjective or adverb phrase that expresses purpose or intent – My instructions are to press this button every hour.

3.      following an indirect object – He told me to give this to you.

4.      following certain other verbs:

·         afford – We can’t afford to eat out every night.

·         agree – Let’s agree to disagree.

·         aim – I aim to please.

·         appear – She appears to have the chicken pox.

·         arrange – I’ll arrange to meet you at 3:00.

·         attempt – We attempted to contact him several times.

·         determined – They are determined to finish the race.

·         beg – She begged to stay up past her bed time.

·         care – Would you care to dance?

·         choose – He’ll always choose to eat pizza if given the choice.

·         claim – They claim to have been home all night.

·         dare – Do you dare to approach me?

·         decide – We decided to get married in a hot air balloon.

·         demand – I demand to know who said that!

·         deserve – You deserve to have all you want in life.

·         expect – Do you expect to see her any time soon?

·         fail – She failed to achieve any of her goals.

·         happen – I happen to have all the things you need.

·         help – It would help to be able to swim.

·         hesitate – He hesitated to ask for the day off.

·         hope – She hopes to be engaged by the end of the summer.

·         learn – We’re learning to communicate better.

·         long – Oh how he longed to hold her in his arms!

·         manage – Have you managed to complete your work on time for once?

·         mean – I didn’t mean to hurt you.

·         need – You need to think before you speak.

·         neglect – He neglected to tell his parents about the accident.

·         offer – Jim offered to help me pack.

·         plan – What do you plan to do after college?

·         prepare – I’m preparing to run away.

·         pretend – Don’t pretend to sleep when I’m talking to you.

·         proceed – We then proceeded to drink until we blacked out.

·         promise – I promise to love you forever.

·         refuse – She refused to sign the documents.

·         resolve – He has resolved never to fight again.

·         seem – They seem to be having some sort of argument.

·         stop – We stopped to use the restroom and stretch.

·         swear – Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth?

·         tend – I tend to laugh when I’m nervous.

·         threaten – He threatened to shoot me if I didn’t give him my wallet.

·         use – She gave MacGeyver her cigarettes and an earring, which he used to make a bomb.

·         volunteer – They volunteered to paint kids’ faces at the fair.

·         vow – We vowed to love and cherish one another.

·         want – Do you really want to hurt me?

·         wish – Do you wish to see me cry?

·         would hate – I would hate to be in his shoes.

·         would like – The gentleman would like to accompany the lady home.

·         would love – I would love to dance!

·         would prefer – He would prefer to go bowling, but she wants to see a movie.

As you can see, the infinitive verb has many uses, both functional (We need to leave now) and philosophical (To be, or not to be? That is the question).